Pharmaceutical Preparation Comprising Recombinant HcG

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure describes recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and methods for the production thereof. The recombinant hCG can include α2,3, α2,6, and, optionally, α2,8 sialylation. The recombinant hCG can be produced in a human cell line such as a PER.C6® cell line.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/283,904 filed on May 21, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/500,274, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,975,226, filed on Apr. 4, 2012 under 35 U.S.C. §371 as the national phase of PCT International Application No. PCT/GB2010/001854, filed on Oct. 4, 2010, which claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 09252360.4, filed on Oct. 5, 2009. The prior applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The present invention relates to gonadotrophins for use in the treatment of infertility. In particular, it relates to human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).

BACKGROUND

The gonadotrophins are a group of heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones which regulate gonadal function in the male and female. They include follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) and chorionic gonadotrophin (CG).

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is naturally secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and functions to support follicular development and ovulation. hCG comprises a 92 amino acid alpha sub-unit, also common to the other glycoprotein hormones LH and FSH, and a 145 amino acid beta sub-unit unique to hCG, which dictates the hormone specificity. Each sub-unit is post translationally modified by the addition of complex carbohydrate residues. The alpha sub-unit contains 2-N-linked glycosylation sites at amino acids 52 and 78 and the beta sub-unit contains 2-N-linked glycosylation sites at amino acids 13 and 30 and four O-linked glycosylation sites at amino acids 121, 127, 132 and 138.

hCG extracted from the urine of pregnant women [CHORAGON® (Ferring)] has been used for many years in infertility treatment. The production of hCG extracted from urine involves the collection and processing of large amounts of urine. A recombinant version of hCG, OVITRELLE® (Serono), is available. This is expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The known recombinant hCG product has a different pharmacokinetic profile to hCG produced from humane urine. It is desirable to have an hCG product that more closely replicates or mimics the pharmacokinetic profile of the product produced from human urine.

There is considerable heterogeneity associated with hCG preparations which relates to differences in the amounts of various isoforms present. Individual hCG isoforms exhibit identical amino acid sequences but differ in the extent to which they are post-translationally modified; particular isoforms are characterised by heterogeneity of the carbohydrate branch structures and differing amounts of sialic acid (a terminal sugar) incorporation, both of which appear to influence the specific isoform bioactivity.

Glycosylation of natural hCG is highly complex. The glycans in naturally derived pituitary hCG can contain a wide range of structures that can include combinations of bi-, tri- and tetra-antennary glycans. The glycans can carry further modifications: core fucosylation, bisecting glucosamine, chains extended with acetyl lactosamine, partial or complete sialylation, sialylation with α2,3 and α2,6 linkages, and sulphated galactosamine substituted for galactose. Furthermore, there are differences between the distributions of glycan structures at the individual glycosylation sites.

The glycosylation of recombinant hCG (“rhCG”) products reflects the range of glycosyl-transferases present in the host cell line. The existing rhCG product, OVITRELLE®, is derived from engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO cells). The range of glycan modifications in CHO derived rhCG are more limited than those found on the natural products, derived from urine. Examples of the reduced glycan heterogeneity found in CHO derived rhCG include a lack of bisecting glucosamine and a reduced content of core fucosylation and acetyl lactosamine extensions. In addition, CHO cells are only able to add sialic acid using the α2,3 linkage (Kagawa et al., 1988, Takeuchi et al., 1988, Svensson et al., 1990). This is different from naturally produced hCG which contains glycans with a mixture of α2,3 and α2,6-linked sialic acid.

It has been demonstrated that a recombinant FSH preparation (Organon) differs in the amounts of FSH with an isoelectric point (pl) of below 4 (considered the acidic isoforms) when compared to pituitary, serum or post-menopausal urine FSH (Ulloa-Aguirre et al., 1995). The amount of acidic isoforms in the urinary preparations of FSH was much higher as compared to the recombinant products, GONAL-F® (Serono) and PUREGON® (Organon) (Andersen et al., 2004). This must reflect a lower molar content of sialic acid in rFSH since the content of negatively-charged glycan modified with sulphate is low in FSH. The lower sialic acid content, compared to natural FSH, is a feature of both commercially available FSH products and therefore must reflect a limitation in the manufacturing process (Bassett and Driebergen, 2005). The circulatory life-time of FSH has been documented for materials from a variety of sources. Some of these materials have been fractionated on the basis of overall molecular charge, as characterised by their pl, in which more acid equates to a higher negative charge. The major contributor to overall molecular charge is the total sialic content of each FSH molecule. For instance, rFSH (Organon) has a sialic acid content of around 8 mol/mol, whereas urine-derived FSH has a higher sialic acid content (de Leeuw et al. 1996). The corresponding plasma clearance rates in the rat are 0.34 and 0.14 ml/min (Ulloa-Aguirre et al., 2003). In another example where a sample of recombinant FSH was split into high and low pl fractions, the in vivo potency of the high pl (lower sialic acid content) fraction was decreased and it had a shorter plasma half-life (D'Antonio et al., 1999). The applicants have found that, similar to FSH, the known, CHO derived, recombinant hCG product (e.g., OVITRELLE®) also has a lower amount of hCG with an isoelectric point (pl) of below 4 (considered the acidic isoforms) than urinary hCG, also reflecting a lower sialic acid content of the known rhCG product compared to urinary hCG.

The total sialic acid content of hCG and rhCG is not directly comparable since sialic acids are commonly linked in two ways. Pituitary/serum/urinary hCG contain both α2,3 and α2,6-linked sialic acid, with a predominance of the former. However, CHO cell derived recombinants only contain α2,3 (Kagawa et al., 1988, Takeuchi et al., 1988, Svensson et al., 1990). In other words, recombinant proteins expressed using the CHO system will differ from their natural counterparts in their type of terminal sialic acid linkages. This is another difference between natural and current recombinant products in addition to the lower overall sialic acid content of the latter, and is an important consideration in the production of biologicals for pharmaceutical use since the carbohydrate moieties may contribute to the pharmacological attributes of the molecule.

SUMMARY

It is therefore desirable to have a rhCG product that more closely replicates or mimics the physiochemical and pharmacokinetic profile of the product produced from human urine. It is desirable to have a rhCG product that has improved pharmacokinetic property or properties compared to the known recombinant product.

According to the present invention there is provided recombinant hCG (“rhCG” or “rechCG”) including α2,3 sialylation and α2,6 sialylation and, optionally, α2,8 sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) according to the invention may have a sialic acid content [expressed in terms of a ratio of moles of sialic acid to moles of protein] of 15 mol/mol or greater, for example of from 15 mol/mol to 25 mol/mol, for example from 17 mol/mol to 24 mol/mol, for example from 17.7 mol/mol to 23 mol/mol, for example from 18 mol/mol to 22 mol/mol, for example from 19 mol/mol to 21 mol/mol, for example from 19 mol/mol to 20 mol/mol. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) according to the invention may have 10% or more of the total sialylation being α2,3-sialylation. For example, 45% to 80% of the total sialylation may be α2,3-sialylation, for example 50% to 70% of the total sialylation may be α2,3-sialylation, for example 55 to 65% of the total sialylation may be α2,3-sialylation. For example 65-85% of the total sialylation may be α2,3-sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) of the invention may have 50% or less of the total sialylation being α2,6-sialylation. For example, 20-55% of the total sialylation may be α2,6-sialylation, for example, 30-50% of the total sialylation may be α2,6-sialylation, for example, 35-45% of the total sialylation may be α2,6-sialylation. For example 15-35% of the total sialylation may be α2,6-sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) of the invention may have 5% or less of the total sialylation being α2,8-sialylation, for example 0 to 4%, e.g., 0.1-4% of the total sialylation may be α2,8-sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) of the invention may have no α2,8-sialylation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a plasmid map of the phCGalpha/beta expression vector.

FIG. 2 is a representation of the α2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3GAL4) expression vector.

FIG. 3 is a representation of the α2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6GAL1) expression vector.

FIG. 4 is a representation of an isoelectric focusing gel, with Coomassie Blue staining, comparing rhCG Isoforms in human cell line derived recombinant hCG preparations according to the invention (track 3, 4) with preparations of the prior art (track 1, 2).

FIG. 5 is a graph that shows metabolic clearance rates (MCRs) of α2,3-sialyltransferase engineered PER.C6® cell produced hCG samples; and

FIG. 6 is a graph that shows long term MCRs of α2,3 sialyltransferase engineered PER.C6® cell prepared rhCG samples.

DESCRIPTION

The applicants have developed a human derived recombinant hCG which has a more acidic profile than the CHO derived product, OVITRELLE®, and which has a higher sialic acid content. The applicants' research indicates that the type of sialic acid linkage, α2,3- or α2,6-, can have a dramatic influence on biological clearance of hCG. Human cell lines, as opposed to CHO cell lines, can express recombinant hCG with sialic acids attached by both α2,3 and α2,6 linkages.

Recombinant hCG with a mixture of both α2,3 and α2,6-linked sialic acid was made by engineering a human cell line to express both rhCG and α2,3 sialyltransferase (Examples 4, 5a and 5b). The expressed product is highly acidic and carries a mix of both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids; the latter provided by the endogenous sialyl transferase activity. This has two advantages over rhCG expressed in conventional CHO cells: first the material is more highly sialylated due to the combined activities of the two sialyltransferases; and secondly the material more closely resembles the natural hCG. This is likely to be more biologically appropriate compared to CHO cell derived recombinant products that have produce only α2,3 linked sialic acid and have decreased sialic acid content.

The applicants have surprisingly found that rhCG of the invention may more closely replicate or mimic the physiochemical and pharmacokinetic profile of the natural human urinary product than other recombinant products. In other words, rhCG of the invention may be closer to the “natural” hCG. This may have significant advantages regarding dosing etc. Further, a more “natural” or more “human” product may be more desirable to the patient, who may desire therapy, although in a sense artificial, to be as “natural” as possible. There may be other advantages (e.g., pharmacokinetic advantages) in a recombinant hCG product having carbohydrate (e.g., glycan) structure which is closer to natural (e.g., human urinary) hCG than other recombinant products.

The invention is thus a recombinant version of hCG which carries a mix of α2,3 and α2,6 sialic acid and therefore more closely resembles natural hCG. It is expected that the use of this compound for controlled ovarian stimulation, in IVF techniques, and ovulation induction will result in a more natural stimulation of the ovary compared to existing recombinant products.

According to the present invention there is provided recombinant hCG (“rhCG” or “rechCG”) (and/or a recombinant hCG preparation) including α2,3 sialylation and α2,6 sialylation. The rhCH or rhCG preparation may optionally further include α2,8 sialylation.

Herein term “recombinant hCG preparation” includes a preparation for, e.g., pharmaceutical use which includes recombinant hCG. In embodiments of the invention, the rhCG may be present as a single isoform or as a mixture of isoforms.

The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) according to the invention may have a sialic acid content [expressed in terms of a ratio of moles of sialic acid to moles of protein] of 15 mol/mol or greater (Example 8), for example of from 15 mol/mol to 25 mol/mol, for example from 17 mol/mol to 24 mol/mol, for example from 17.7 mol/mol to 23 mol/mol, for example from 18 mol/mol to 22 mol/mol, for example from 19 mol/mol to 21 mol/mol, for example from 19 mol/mol to 20 mol/mol. The rhCG of the invention may be produced or expressed in a human cell line.

The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) according to the invention may have 10% or more of the total sialylation being α2,3-sialylation. For example, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80 or 90% or more of the total sialylation may be α2,3-sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) may include α2,3-sialylation in an amount which is from 45% to 80% of the total sialylation, for example 50% to 70% of the total sialylation, for example 55 to 65% of the total sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) may include α2,3-sialylation in an amount which is from 65 to 85% of the total sialylation, for example from 70 to 80% of the total sialylation, for example from 71 to 79% of the total sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) of the invention may have 50% or less of the total sialylation being α2,6-sialylation. For example 45, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5% or less of the total sialylation may be α2,6-sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) may include α2,6-sialylation in an amount which is from 20-55% of the total sialylation, for example, 30-50% of the total sialylation, for example 35-45% of the total sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) may include α2,6-sialylation in an amount which is from 15 to 35% of the total sialylation, for example from 20 to 30% of the total sialylation, for example from 21 to 29% of the total sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) of the invention may have 5% or less of the total sialylation being α2,8-sialylation. For example 2.5% or less of the total sialylation may be α2,8-sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) may include α2,8-sialylation in an amount which is from 0 to 4% of the total sialylation, for example 0.1 to 4% of the total sialylation, for example from 0.5 to 3% of the total sialylation, for example from 0.5 to 2.5% of the total sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) of the invention may have no α2,8-sialylation. By sialylation it is meant the amount of sialic residues present on the hCG carbohydrate structures. α2,3-sialylation means sialylation at the 2,3 position (as is well known in the art) and α2,6 sialylation at the 2,6 position (also well known in the art). Thus “% of the total sialylation may be α 2,3 sialylation” refers to the % of the total number of sialic acid residues present in the hCG which are sialylated in the 2,3 position. The term “% of the total sialylation being α2,6-sialylation” refers to the % of the total number of sialic acid residues present in the hCG which are sialylated in the 2,6 position.

The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) according to the invention may have a sialic acid content (amount of sialylation per hCG molecule) of (based on the mass of protein, rather than the mass of protein plus carbohydrate) of 6% or greater (e.g., between 6% and 15%, e.g., between 7% and 13%, e.g., between 8% and 12%, e.g., between 11% and 15%, e.g., between 12% and 14%) by mass.

Recombinant hCG expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells includes exclusively α 2, 3 sialylation.

The rhCG of the invention may be produced or expressed in a human cell line. This may simplify (and render more efficient) the production method because manipulation and control of, e.g., the cell growth medium to retain sialylation may be less critical than with known processes. The method may also be more efficient because there is less basic rhCG produced than in production of known rhCG products; more acidic rhCG is produced and separation/removal of basic hCG is less problematic. The rhCG may be produced or expressed in a PER.C6® cell line, a PER.C6® derived cell line or a modified PER.C6® cell line. The cell line may be modified using α2,3-sialyltransferase. The rhCG may include α2,6-linked sialic acids (α2,6 sialylation) provided by endogenous sialyl transferase activity {of the cell line]. Alternatively or additionally, the cell line may be modified using α2,6-sialyltransferase.

The rhCG may be produced using α2,3-sialyltransferase. The rhCG may include α2,6-linked sialic acids (α2,6 sialylation) provided by endogenous sialyl transferase activity. The rhCG may be produced using α2,3- and/or α2,6-sialyltransferase.

According to the present invention in a further aspect there is provided a method of production of rhCG and/or an rhCG preparation as described herein (according to aspects of the invention) comprising the step of producing or expressing the rhCG in a human cell line, for example a PER.C6® cell line, a PER.C6® derived cell line or a modified PER.C6® cell line, for example a cell line which has been modified using α2,3-sialyttransferase.

The rhCG structure contains glycan moieties. Branching can occur with the result that the glycan may have 1, 2, 3, 4 or more terminal sugar residues or “antennae”, as is well known in the art. The rhCG of the invention may have glycans with sialylation presence on mono-antennary and/or di-antennary and/or tri-antennary and/or tetra-antennary structures. The rhCG may include mono-sialylated, di-sialylated, tri-sialylated and tetra-sialylated glycan structures, for example with relative amounts as follows: 0.1-4% mono-sialylated; 35-45% di-sialylated; 0.5-8% tri-sialylated and 0-1% tetra-sialylated (e.g., as shown by WAX analysis of charged glycans, as set out in Example 8 D). Preferably, the recombinant hCG of the invention includes mono (1S), di(2S), tri(3S) and tetra(4S) sialylated structures. Preferably, the relative amounts of sialylated structures are in the following ratios (1S:2S:4S:4S): 0.2-1%: 35-40%: 2.5-7%: 0.5-1% (e.g., as shown by WAX analysis of charged glycans, as set out in Example 8 D).

According to the present invention in a further aspect there is provided rhCG produced (e.g., expressed) in a human cell line. The rhCG may include α2,3- and α2,6-sialylation. The rhCG may be produced or expressed in a PER.C6® cell line, a PER.C6® derived cell line or a modified PER.C6® cell line. The cell line may be modified using α2,3-sialyltransferase. The rhCG may include α2,6-linked sialic acids (α2,6 sialylation) provided by endogenous sialyl transferase activity [of the cell line]. Alternatively or additionally, the cell line may be modified using α2,6-sialyltransferase. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) according to the invention may have a sialic acid content [expressed in terms of a ratio of moles of sialic acid to moles of protein] of 15 mol/mol or greater, for example of from 15 mol/mol to 25 mol/mol, for example of from 17 mol/mol to 24 mol/mol, for example from 17.7 mol/mol to 23 mol/mol, for example from 18 mol/mol to 22 mol/mol, for example from 19 mol/mol to 21 mol/mol, for example from 19 mol/mol to 20 mol/mol. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) may have 10% or more of the total sialylation being α2,3-sialylation, for example 45% to 80% of the total sialylation may be α2,3-sialylation, for example 50% to 70% of the total sialylation may be α2,3-sialylation, for example 55 to 65% of the total sialylation may be α2,3-sialylation. For example 65-85% of the total sialylation may be α2,3-sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) of the invention may have 50% or less of the total sialylation being α2,6-sialylation. For example, 20-55% of the total sialylation may be α2,6-sialylation, for example, 30-50% of the total sialylation may be α2,6-sialylation, for example, 35-45% of the total sialylation may be α2,6-sialylation. For example 15-35% of the total sialylation may be α2,6-sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) of the invention may have 5% or less of the total sialylation being α2,8-sialylation, for example 0 to 4%, e.g., 0.5-4% of the total sialylation may be α2,8-sialylation. The rhCG (or rhCG preparation) of the invention may have no α2,8-sialylation.

According to the present invention in a further aspect there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising rhCG including α2,3-sialylation and α2,6-sialylation (e.g., as set out above). The pharmaceutical composition may further comprise FSH and/or LH.

FSH can be obtained by any means known in the art. FSH, as used herein, includes human-derived and recombinant FSH. Human-derived FSH can be purified from any appropriate source (e.g., urine) by any method known in the art. The FSH may be recombinant FSH—for example expressed in a human cell line. Methods of expressing and purifying recombinant FSH are well known in the art.

LH can be obtained by any means known in the art. LH, as used herein, includes human-derived and recombinant LH. Human-derived LH can be purified from any appropriate source (e.g., urine) by any method known in the art. Methods of expressing and purifying recombinant LH are known in the art.

The pharmaceutical composition may be for the treatment of infertility, e.g., for use in, e.g., assisted reproductive technologies (ART), ovulation induction or intrauterine insemination (IUI). The pharmaceutical composition may be used, for example, in medical indications where known hCG preparations are used. The present invention also provides the use of rhCG and/or an rhCG preparation described herein (according to aspects of the invention) for, or in the manufacture of a medicament for, the treatment of infertility. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be formulated into well-known compositions for any route of drug administration, e.g., oral, rectal, parenteral, transdermal (e.g., patch technology), intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrasustemal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, local (powders, ointments or drops) or as a buccal or nasal spray. A typical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as aqueous solution, non-toxic excipients, including salts and preservatives, buffers and the like, as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences fifteenth edition (Matt Publishing Company, 1975), at pages 1405 to 1412 and 1461-87, and the national formulary XIV fourteenth edition (American Pharmaceutical Association, 1975), among others.

Examples of suitable aqueous and non-aqueous pharmaceutical carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), carboxymethylcellulose and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil), and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.

The compositions of the present invention also can contain additives such as but not limited to preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing agents. Antibacterial and antifungal agents can be included to prevent growth of microbes and includes, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. Furthermore, it may be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like.

In some cases, to effect prolonged action it is desirable to slow the absorption of hCG (and other active ingredients, if present) from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This can be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of hCG then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, can depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered hCG combination form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the hCG combination in an oil vehicle.

Injectable depot forms can be made by forming microencapsule matrices of the hCG (and other agents, if present) in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of hCG to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of hCG release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(orthoesters), poly(anhydrides) etc. Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the hCG in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.

Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium just prior to use. Injectable formulations can be supplied in any suitable container, e.g., vial, pre filled syringe, injection cartridges, and the like.

Injectable formulations can be supplied as a product having pharmaceutical compositions containing hCG (optionally with FSH, LH etc.) If there is more than one active ingredient (i.e., hCG and e.g., FSH or LH) these may be suitable for administration separately or together. If administered separately, administration can be sequential. The product can be supplied in any appropriate package. For example, a product can contain a number of pre-filled syringes containing either hCG, FSH, or a combination of both FSH and hCG, the syringes packaged in a blister package or other means to maintain sterility. A product can optionally contain instructions for using the hCG and FSH formulations.

The pH and exact concentration of the various components of the pharmaceutical composition are adjusted in accordance with routine practice in this field. See GOODMAN and GILMAN's THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THERAPEUTICES, 7^(th) ed. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of the invention are supplied as compositions for parenteral administration. General methods for the preparation of the parenteral formulations are known in the art and are described in REMINGTON; THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY, supra, at pages 780-820. The parenteral compositions can be supplied in liquid formulation or as a solid which will be mixed with a sterile injectable medium just prior to administration. In an especially preferred embodiment, the parenteral compositions are supplied in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.

The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the following Examples and to the attached drawings.

Sequence Selection 1. Human hCG

The coding region of the gene for the hCG alpha polypeptide was used according to Fiddes and Goodman (1979). The sequence is banked as AH007338 and at the time of construction there were no other variants of this protein sequence. The nucleic acid sequence is referred to herein as SEQ ID 1 and the polypeptide sequence is referred to as SEQ ID NO:5.

The coding region of the gene for hCG beta polypeptide was used according to Fiddes and Goodman (1980). The sequence is banked as NP_000728 and is consistent with the protein sequences of CGbeta3, CGbeta5 and CGbeta7. The nucleic acid sequence is referred to herein as SEQ ID 2 and the polypeptide sequence is referred to as SEQ ID NO:6.

2. Sialyltransferase

α2,3-Sialyltransferase—The coding region of the gene for beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4 (α2,3-sialyltransferase, ST3GAL4) was used according to Kitagawa and Paulson (1994). The sequence is banked as L23767. The nucleic acid sequence is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:3 and the polypeptide sequence is referred to as SEQ ID NO:7.

α2,6-Sialyltransferase—The coding region of the gene for beta-galactosamide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (α2,6-sialyltransferase, ST6GAL1) was used according to Grundmann et al. (1990). The sequence is banked as NM_003032. The nucleic acid sequence is and referred to herein as SEQ ID NO: 4 and the polypeptide sequence is referred to as SEQ ID NO:8.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Construction of the hCG Expression Vector

The coding sequence of hCG alpha polypeptide (AH007338, SEQ ID 1) and hCG beta polypeptide (NP_000728, SEQ ID NO:2) were amplified by PCR using the primer combinations CGa-fw and CGa-rev and CGb-fw and CGb-rec respectively.

CGa-fw (SEQ ID NO: 9) 5′-CCAGGATCCGCCACCATGGATTACTACAGAAAAATATGC-3′; CGa-rev (SEQ ID NO: 10) 5′-GGATGGCTAGCTTAAGATTTGTGATAATAAC-3′; CGb-fw (SEQ ID NO: 11) 5′-CCAGGCGCGCCACCATGGAGATGTTCCAGGGGCTGC-3′; and CGb-rev (SEQ ID NO: 12) 5′-CCGGGTTAACTTATTGTGGGAGGATCGGGG-3′;

The resulting amplified hCG beta DNA was digested with the restriction enzymes AscI and HpaI and inserted into the AscI and HpaI sites on the CMV driven mammalian expression vector carrying a neomycin selection marker. Similarly the hCG alpha DNA was digested with BamHI and NheI and inserted into the sites BamHI and NheI on the expression vector already containing the hCG beta polypeptide DNA.

The vector DNA was used to transform the DH5α strain of E. coli. Colonies were picked for amplification and, of the number which included the vector containing both hCG alpha and beta, twenty were selected for sequencing. All colonies selected for sequencing contained the correct sequences according to SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2. Plasmid phCG A+B was selected for transfection (FIG. 1).

Example 2 Construction of the ST3 Expression Vector

The coding sequence of beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4 (ST3, L23767, SEQ ID NO:3) was amplified by PCR using the primer combination 2,3STfw and 2,3STrev.

2,3STfw (SEQ ID NO: 13) 5′-CCAGGATCCGCCACCATGTGTCCTGCAGGCTGGAAGC-3′; and 2,3STrev (SEQ ID NO: 14) 5′-TTTTTTTCTTAAGTCAGAAGGACGTGAGGTTCTTG-3′.

The resulting amplified ST3 DNA was digested with the restriction enzymes BamHI and AflII and inserted into the BamHI and AflII sites on the CMV driven mammalian expression vector carrying a hygromycin resistance marker. The vector was amplified as previously described and sequenced. Clone pST3#1 (FIG. 2) contained the correct sequence according to SEQ ID NO:3 and was selected for transfection.

Example 3 Construction of the ST6 Expression Vector

The coding sequence of beta-galactosamide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (ST6, NM_003032, SEQ ID NO:4) was amplified by PCR using the primer combination 2,6STfw and 2,6STrev.

2,6STfw (SEQ ID NO: 15) 5-CCAGGATCCGCCACCATGATTCACACCAACCTGAAG-3; and 2,6STrev (SEQ ID NO: 16) 5′-TTTTTTTCTTAAGTTAGCAGTGAATGGTCCGG-3′.

The resulting amplified ST6 DNA was digested with the restriction enzymes BamHI and AflII and inserted into the BamHI and AflII sites on the CMV driven mammalian expression vector carrying a hygromycin resistance marker. The vector was amplified as previously described and sequenced. Clone pST6#11 (FIG. 3) contained the correct sequence according to SEQ ID NO:4 and was selected for transfection.

Example 4 Stable Expression of phCG A+B in PER.C6® Cells. Transfection Isolation and Screening of Clones

PER.C6® clones producing hCG were generated by expressing both polypeptide chains of hCG from a single plasmid (see Example 1).

To obtain stable clones a liposome based transfection agent was used with the phCG A+B construct. Stable clones were selected in PER.C6® selection media supplemented with 10% FCS and containing G418. Three weeks after transfection G418 resistant clones grew out. A total of 389 clones were selected for isolation. The isolated clones were cultured in selection medium until 70-80% confluent. Supernatants were assayed for hCG protein content using an hCG selective ELISA and pharmacological activity at the hCG receptor in cloned cell line, using a cAMP accumulation assay. Clones (118) expressing functional protein were progressed for culture expansion to 24 well, 6 well and T80 flasks.

Studies to determine productivity and quality of the material from 47 clones were initiated in T80 flasks to generate sufficient material. Cells were cultured in supplemented media as previously described for 7 days and the supernatant harvested. Productivity was determined using the hCG selective ELISA. The isoelectric profile of the material was determined (using the method described in Example 6). The information from the IEF was used to select clones for metabolic clearance rate analysis. Clones with sufficient productivity and quality were selected for sialyltransferase engineering.

Example 5a Level of Sialylation is Increased in Cells that Over Express α2,3-Sialyltransferase. Stable Expression of pST3 in hCG Expressing PER.C6® Cells; Transfection Isolation and Screening of Clones

PER.C6® clones producing highly sialylated hCG were generated by expressing α2,3 sialyltransferase from separate plasmids (see Example 2) in PER.C6® cells already expressing both polypeptide chains of hCG (see Example 4). Clones produced from PER.C6® cells as set out in Example 4 were selected for their characteristics including productivity, good growth profile, production of functional protein, and produced hCG which included some sialylation.

Stable clones were generated as previously described in Example 4. Clones from the α2,3-sialyltransferase program were isolated, expanded and assayed. The final clone number for the α2,3-study was five. The α2,3-sialyltransferase clones were adapted to serum free media and suspension conditions.

As before, clones were assayed using a hCG selective ELISA, functional response in an hCG receptor cell line, IEF (Example 6). They were also assessed for metabolic clearance rate (Example 9) and USP hCG Bioassay (Example 10). Results were compared to a commercially available recombinant hCG (OVITRELLE®, Serono) and the parental hCG PER.C6® cell lines. Representative samples are shown in the Examples and Figures.

In conclusion expression of hCG together with α2,3-sialyttransferase in PER.C6® cells results in increased levels of sialylated hCG compared to cells expressing hCG only.

Example 5b Stable Expression of pST3 in hCG Expressing PER.C6® Cells— a Different Method

The alpha beta heterodimer produced above (Example 4) had a low level of sialylation resulting in a very basic IEF profile. As indicated above (Example 5a) expression of hCG together with α2,3-sialyltransferase in PER.C6® cells results in increased levels of sialylated hCG compared to cells expressing hCG only.

A double transfection of the hCG alpha and beta subunit genes together with the α2,3 sialyltransferase enzyme gene into PER.C6® cells in suspension cell culture format was performed. Cell lines were generated by co-transfecting the hCG vector (dual alpha/beta, Example 1) and the vector encoding α2,3-sialyltransferase (Example 2) under serum free conditions. Clones produced from PER.C6® cells were selected for their characteristics including productivity, good growth profile, production of functional protein, and produced hCG which included some sialylation. Clones were isolated, expanded and assayed.

As before, clones were assayed using an hCG selective ELISA, functional response in an hCG receptor cell line, IEF (Example 6). They were also assessed for metabolic clearance rate (Example 9) and USP hCG Bioassay (Example 10). Results were compared to a commercially available recombinant hCG (OVITRELLE®, Serono) and the parental hCG PER.C6® cell lines. Representative samples are shown in the Examples and Figures (see Examples 6, 9, 10, FIGS. 4 and 5). The recombinant hCG produced by the clones (that is, recombinant hCG according to the invention) has significantly improved sialylation (i.e., on average more hCG isoforms with high numbers of sialic acids), compared to hCG expressed without α2,3-sialyltransferase and OVITRELLE® (see Examples 6 and 8, FIG. 4).

Example 6 Analysis of the Isoelectric Point Pl of PER.C6® Cell Produced hCG Isoforms by Isoelectric Focussing

Electrophoresis is defined as the transport of charged molecules through a solvent by an electrical field. The mobility of a biological molecule through an electric field will depend on the field strength, net charge on the molecule, size and shape of the molecule, ionic strength and properties of the medium through which the molecules migrate.

Isoelectric focusing (IEF) is an electrophoretic technique for the separation of proteins based on their pl. The pl is the pH at which a protein has no net charge and will not migrate in an electric field. The sialic acid content of the hCG isoforms subtly alters the pl point for each isoform, which can be exploited using this technique to visualise the PER.C6® cell produced hCG isoforms from each clone.

The isoelectric points of the PER.C6 cell produced hCG isoforms in cell culture supernatants were analyzed using isoelectric focussing. Cell culture media from PER.C6® cell produced hCG clones were produced as described in Example 4, 5a and 5b.

PER.C6® cell produced hCG samples were separated on NOVEX® IEF Gels containing 5% polyacrylamide under native conditions on a pH 3.0-7.0 gradient in an ampholyte solution pH 3.0-7.0. Proteins were visualised using Coomassie Blue staining, using methods well known in the art.

FIG. 4 shows the detection of rhCG Isoforms by IEF stained with Coomassie Blue in compositions according to the invention (Track 3, 10 μg, and Track 4, 15 μg) and the CHO derived composition of the prior art, OVITRELLE® (Track 1, OVITRELLE®, 10 μg, and Track 2, OVITRELLE®, 15 μg). The bands represent isoforms of hCG containing different numbers of sialic acid molecules. Using this method clones producing hCG isoforms with a higher number of sialic acid molecules were identified. FIG. 4 indicates that human cell line derived recombinant hCGs engineered with α2,3-sialyltransferase (compositions according to the invention) have a more acidic profile than OVITRELLE®.

Example 7 Analysis of the Sialic Add Linkages of PER.C6® Cell Produced hCG

Glycoconjugates were analyzed using a lectin based glycan differentiation method. With this method glycoproteins and glycoconjugates bound to nitrocellulose can be characterized. Lectins selectively recognize a particular moiety, for example α2,3 linked sialic acid. The lectins applied are conjugated with the steroid hapten digoxigenin which enables immunological detection of the bound lectins.

Purified PER.C6® cell produced from a parental done (no additional sialyltransferase), and a α2,3-sialytransferase engineered done were separated using standard SDS-PAGE techniques. A commercially available recombinant hCG (OVITRELLE®, Serono) was used as a standard.

Sialic acid was analyzed using the DIG Glycan Differentiation Kit (Cat. No. 11 210 238 001, Roche) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Positive reactions with Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) indicated terminally linked (2-6) sialic acid. Positive reactions with Maackia amurensis agglutinin II (MAA): indicated terminally linked (α2-3) sialic acid

In summary the parental done contained low levels of both α2,3- and α2,6-sialic acid. The clones engineered with α2,3-sialyltransferase contained high levels of α2,3-sialic acid linkages and low levels of α2,6-sialic acid linkages. The standard control OVITRELLE® only contains α2,3-sialic acid linkages. This is consistent with what is known about recombinant proteins produced in Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) cells (Kagawa et al., 1988, Takeuchi et al., 1988, Svensson et al., 1990).

In conclusion, engineering of PER.C6® hCG cells with α2,3-sialyltransferase successfully increased the number of sialic acid molecules conjugated to the recombinant hCG in the sample.

Examples 8A and 88 Quantification of Total Sialic Acid

Sialic acid is a protein-bound carbohydrate considered to be a mono-saccharide and occurs in combination with other mono-saccharides like galactose, mannose, glucosamine, galactosamine and fucose. The total sialic acid on purified rhCG according to the invention was measured using a method based on the method of Stanton et. al. (J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods. 30 (1995), 37-48).

Example 8A

The total sialic acid content of PER.C6® cell produced recombinant hCG modified with α2,3-sialyltransferase (e.g., Example 5a, Example 5b) was measured and found to be greater than 15 mol/mol, [expressed in terms of a ratio of moles of sialic acid to moles of protein], for example greater than 18 mol/mol, for example 19.1 mol/mol. This can be compared to OVITRELLE®, which has total sialic acid content of 17.6 mol/mol.

Example 8B

The total sialic acid content of PER.C6® cell produced recombinant hCG modified with α2,3-sialyltransferase 080019-19 (prepared by the methods of Example 5b above) was measured and found to be 20 mol/mol, [expressed in terms of a ratio of moles of sialic acid to moles of protein]. Again, this may be favourably compared with OVITRELLE®, which has total sialic acid content of 17.6 mol/mol. This Example (080019-19) was tested to quantify the relative amounts of α2,3 and α2,6 sialic acid (Example 8C).

Example 8C—Quantification of Relative Amounts of α2,3 and α2,6 Sialic Acid

The relative percentage amounts of α2,3 and α2,6 sialic acid on purified rhCG [Example (080019-19), and two other Examples prepared by the methods of Example 5] were measured using known techniques—HPLC with Normal-phase (NP).

To quantify the alpha 2,3 and 2,6 sialic acid in O-link glycans the following analysis was performed. The O-linked glycans were cleaved from the hCG sample using an Orela Glycan Release Kit and separated on NP-HPLC. Samples of the extracted, pooled, glycans (extracted as above) were digested with different sialidases to determine the linkages. This Enzymatic degradation of glycans was performed using alpha 2-3,6,8 sialidase and alpha 2-3, sialidase. The enzymatic digested glycans were then re-separated on the NP column, and the O-Glycans were identified on the NP-HPLC using prepared standards. The relative percentages were calculated and are shown in the following table (SA=Sialic Acid).

% SA Structure 080019-19 09PD-84-04 09PD84-006-3 α2,3 SA 59 63 63 α2,6 SA 41 37 37

The relative percentages were found to be in the ranges 55%-65% (e.g., 59%) for α2,3 sialylation; and 35 to 45% (e.g., 41%) for α2,6 sialylation.

Example 8D Quantification of Relative Amounts Mono, Di, Tri and Tetra Antennary Sialylated Structures

The relative percentage amounts of mono, di, tri and tetra sialylated structures on glycans extracted from purified rhCG (the three samples used in Example 8C) were measured using known techniques.

Each sample of rhCG was immobilized (gel block), washed, reduced, alkylated and digested with PNGase F overnight. The N-glycans were then extracted and processed. N-glycans for NP-HPLC and WAX-HPLC analysis were labelled with the fluorophore 2AB as detailed in Royle et al.

Weak anion exchange (WAX) HPLC to separate the N-glycans by charge (Example 8C) was carried out as set out in Royle et al., with a Fetuin N-glycan standard as reference. Glycans were eluted according to the number of sialic acids they contained. All samples included mono (1S), di(2S), tri(3S) and tetra(4S) sialylated structures. The relative amounts of sialylated structures were found to be in the following ratios (1S:2S:4S:4S): 0.1-4%: 35-45%: 0.5-8%: 0-1%.

A preferred example, 080019-19, included mono (1S), di(2S), tri(3S) and tetra(4S) sialylated structures. The relative amounts of sialylated structures were in the following ratios (1S:2S:4S:4S): 0.1-4%: 35-45%: 0.5-8%: 0-1%.

Example 9 Determination of the Metabolic Clearance Rates of rhCG

To determine the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of PER.C6® cell produced hCG samples engineered using α2,3-sialyltransferase (e.g., Example 5a, 5b), conscious female rats (3 animals per done) were injected into the tail vein at time zero with a bolus of rhCG (1-10 μg/rat, based on ELISA quantification of samples, DRG EIA 1288). Blood samples (400 μl) were taken from the tip of the tail at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 32 hours after test sample injection. Serum was collected by centrifugation and assayed for hCG content by ELISA (DRG EIA 1288). The MCR of PER.C6® cell produced hCG samples engineered using α2,3-sialyltransferase showed that the half-life was similar to the standard (FIG. 5). FIG. 6 shows that other hCG samples engineered using α2,3-sialytransferase may have improved half-life compared to the standard (FIG. 6).

Example 10—hCG Bioassay According to USP

A hCG Bioassay was carried out, to assay the hCG specific activity. The activity was measured according to USP (USP Monographs: Chorionic Gonadotropin, USPC Official Aug. 1, 2009-11/30/09), using OVITRELLE® as a standard. OVITRELLE® has a biological activity of 26,000 IU/mg (Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2005 December; 21(12): 1969-76). The acceptance limit was >21,000 IU hCG/mg. The biological activity for a sample of human cell line derived hCG recombinant hCG engineered with α2,3-sialyltransferase (having sialic acid content 19.1 mol/mol—see Example 8) was 27,477 IU hCG/mg.

Example 11 Production and Purification Overview

A procedure was developed to produce recombinant hCG in PER.C6® cells that were cultured in suspension in serum free medium. The procedure is described below and was applied to several hCG-producing PER.C6® cell lines.

Recombinant hCG from an α2,3-clone was prepared using a using a modification of the method described by Lowry et al. (1976).

For the production of PER.C6® cell-produced hCG, the cell lines were adapted to a serum-free medium, i.e., EX-CELL® 525 (JRH Biosciences). The cells were first cultured to form a 70%-90% confluent monolayer in a T80 culture flask. On passage the cells were re-suspended in the serum free medium, EX-CELL® 525+4 mM L-Glutamine, to a cell density of 0.3×10⁶ cells/ml. A 25 ml cell suspension was put in a 250 ml shaker flask and shaken at 100 rpm at 37° C. at 5% CO₂. After reaching a cell density of >1×10⁶ cells/ml, the cells were sub-cultured to a cell density of 0.2 or 0.3×10⁸ cells/ml and further cultured in shaker flasks at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 100 rpm.

For the production of hCG, the cells were transferred to a serum-free production medium, i.e., VPRO (JRH Biosciences), which supports the growth of PER.C6® cells to very high cell densities (usually >10⁷ cells/ml in a batch culture). The cells were first cultured to >1×10⁶ cells/ml in EX-CELL® 525, then spun down for 5 min at 1000 rpm and subsequently suspended in VPRO medium+6 mM L-glutamine to a density of 1×10⁶ cells/ml. The cells were then cultured in a shaker flask for 7-10 days at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 100 rpm. During this period, the cells grew to a density of >10⁷ cells/ml. The culture medium was harvested after the cell viability started to decline. The cells were spun down for 5 min at 1000 rpm and the supernatant was used for the quantification and purification of hCG. The concentration of hCG was determined using ELISA (DRG EIA 1288).

Thereafter, purification of hCG was carried out using a modification of the method described by Lowry et al. (1976). This was achieved by chromatography on DEAE cellulose, gel filtration on SEPHADEX® G100, adsorption chromatography on hydroxyapatite, and preparative polyacrylamide electrophoresis.

During all chromatographic procedures, the presence of immunoreactive recombinant hCG was confirmed by RIA (DRG EIA 1288) and IEF (Example 6).

FIGURE LEGENDS

FIGS. 1, 2 and 3: Plasmid maps of the phCGalpha/beta, pST3 and pST6 expression vectors. CMV=Cytomegalovirus promoter, BGHp(A)=Bovine Growth Hormone poly-adenylation sequence, fl ori=fl origin of replication, SV40=Simian Virus 40 promoter, Neo=Neomycin resistance marker, Hyg=Hygromycin resistance marker, SV40 p(A)=Simian Virus 40 poly-adenylation sequence, hCG α=human chorionic gonadotropin alpha polypeptide, hCG β=human chorionic gonadotropin beta polypeptide, ST3GAL4=α2,3-sialyltransferase, ST6GAL1=α2,6-sialyltransferase, ColEl=ColEl origin of replication, Amp=ampicillin resistance marker.

FIG. 4. Detection of rhCG Isoforms by IEF stained with Coomassie Blue in compositions according to the invention (Track 3, 10 μg, and Track 4, 15 μg) and the CHO derived composition of the prior art, OVITRELLE® (Track 1, OVITRELLE®, 10 μg, and Track 2, OVITRELLE®, 15 μg). The bands represent isoforms of hCG containing different numbers of sialic acid molecules. FIG. 4 indicates that human cell line derived recombinant hCGs engineered with α2,3-sialyltransferase (compositions according to the invention) have a more acidic profile than OVITRELLE®.

FIG. 5. Metabolic clearance rates of rhCG samples produced by α2,3-sialyltransferase engineered PER.C6® cells. Samples were chosen for their sialic acid content based on their IEF profile. Female rats (3 animals per done) were injected into the tail vein at time zero with a bolus of rhCG (1-10 μg/rat). Blood samples collected over time were assayed for hCG content by ELISA.

FIG. 6 Long term Metabolic clearance rates of rhCG samples produced by α2,3-sialyltransferase engineered PER.C6® cells. Female rats (3 animals per done) were injected into the tail vein at time zero with a bolus of rhCG (1-10 μg/rat). Blood samples collected over time were assayed for hCG content by ELISA.

REFERENCES

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Human chorionic gonadotropin alpha polypeptide Accession number AH007338 Nucleotide sequence of hCG alpha   1 ATGGATTACT ACAGAAAATA TGCAGCTATC TTTCTGGTCA CATTGTCGGT GTTTCTGCAT  61 GTTCTCCATT CCGCTCCTGA TGTGCAGGAT TGCCCAGAAT GCACGCTACA GGAAAACCCA 121 TTCTTCTCCC AGCCGGGTGC CCCAATACTT CAGTGCATGG GCTGCTGCTT CTCTAGAGCA 121 TATCCCACTC CACTAAGGTC CAAGAAGACG ATGTTGGTCC AAAAGAACGT CACCTCAGAG 241 TCCACTTGCT GTGTAGCTAA ATCATATAAC AGGGTCACAG TAATGGGGGG TTTCAAAGTG 301 GAGAACCACA CGGCGTGCCA CTGCAGTACT TGTTATTATC ACAAATCTTA A (SEQ ID NO: 1) Protein sequence of hCG alpha   1 MKTLQFFFLF CCWKAICCNS CELTNITIAI EKEECRFCIS INTTWCAGYC YTRDLVYKDP  61 ARPKIQKTCT FKELVYETVR VPGCAHHADS LYTYPVATQC HCGKCDSDST DCTVRGLGPS 121 YCSFGEMKE (SEQ ID NO: 5) Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin beta polypeptide Accession number NP_000728 Nucleotide sequence of hCG beta   1 ATGGAGATGT TCCAGGGGCT GCTGCTGTTG CTGCTGCTGA GCATGGGCGG GACATGGGCA  61 TCCAAGGAGC CGCTTCGGCC ACGGTGCCGC CCCATCAATG CCACCCTGGC TGTGGAGAAG 121 GAGGGCTGCC CCGTGTGCAT CACCGTCAAC ACCACCATCT GTGCCGGCTA CTGCCCCACC 181 ATGACCCGCG TGCTGCAGGG GGTCCTGCCG GCCCTGCCTC AGGTGGTGTG CAACTACCGC 241 GATGTGCGCT TCGAGTCCAT CCGGCTCCCT GGCTGCCCGC GCGGCGTGAA CCCCGTGGTC 301 TCCTACGCCG TGGCTCTCAG CTGTCAATGT GCACTCTGCC GCCGCAGCAC CACTGACTGC 361 GGGGGTCCCA AGGACCACCC CTTGACCTGT GATGACCCCC GCTTCCAGGA CTCCTCTTCC 421 TCAAAGGCCC CTCCCCCCAG CCTTCCAAGT CCATCCCGAC TCCCGGGGCC CTCGGACACC 481 CCGATCCTCC CACAATAA (SEQ ID NO: 2) Protein sequence of hCG beta   1 MEMFQGLLLL LLLSMGGTWA SKEPLRPRCR PINATLAVEK EGCPVCITVN TTICAGYCPT  61 MTRVLQGVLP ALPQVVCNYR DVRFESIRLP GCPRGVNPVV SYAVALSCQC ALCRRSTTDC 121 GGPKDHPLTC DDPRFQDSSS SKAPPPSLPS PSRLPGPSDT PILPO (SEQ ID NO: 6) Beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4 Accession Number L23767 Nucleotide sequence of ST3GAL4   1 ATGTGTCCTG CAGGCTGGAA GCTCCTGGCC ATGTTGGCTC TGGTCCTGGT CGTCATGGTG  61 TGGTATTCCA TCTCCCGGGA AGACAGGTAC ATCGAGCTTT TTTATTTTCC CATCCCAGAG 121 AAGAAGGAGC CGTGCCTCCA GGGTGAGGCA GAGAGCAAGG CCTCTAAGCT CTTTGGCAAC 181 TACTCCCGGG ATCAGCCCAT CTTCCTGCGG CTTGAGGATT ATTTCTGGGT CAAGACGCCA 241 TCTGCTTACG AGCTGCCCTA TGGGACCAAG GGGAGTGAGG ATCTGCTCCT CCGGGTGCTA 301 GCCATCACCA GCTCCTCCAT CCCCAAGAAC ATCCAGAGCC TCAGGTGCCG CCGCTGTGTG 361 GTCGTGGGGA ACGGGCACCG GCTGCGGAAC AGCTCACTGG GAGATGCCAT CAACAAGTAC 421 GATGTGGTCA TCAGATTGAA CAATGCCCCA GTGGCTGGCT ATGAGGGTGA CGTGGGCTCC 481 AAGACCACCA TGCGTCTCTT CTACCCTGAA TCTGCCCACT TCGACCCCAA AGTAGAAAAC 541 AACCCAGACA CACTCCTCGT CCTGGTAGCT TTCAAGGCAA TGGACTTCCA CTGGATTGAG 601 ACCATCCTGA GTGATAAGAA GCGGGTGCGA AAGGGTTTCT GGAAACAGCC TCCCCTCATC 661 TGGGATGTCA ATCCTAAACA GATTCGGATT CTCAACCCCT TCTTCATGGA GATTGCAGCT 721 GACAAACTGC TGAGCCTGCC AATGCAACAG CTATGGAAGA TTAAGCAGAA GCCCACCACG 781 GGCCTGTTGG CCATCACGCT GGCCCTCCAC CTCTGTGACT TGGTGCACAT TGCCGGCTTT 841 GGCTACCCAG ACGCCTACAA CAAGAAGCAG ACCATTCACT ACTATGAGCA GATCACGCTC 901 AAGTCCATGG CGGGGTCAGG CCATAATGTC TCCCAAGAGG CCCTGGCCAT TAAGCGGATG 961 CTGGAGATGG GAGCTATCAA GAACCTCACG TCCTTCTGA (SEQ ID NO: 3) Protein Sequence of ST3GAL4   1 MCPAGWKLLA MLALVLVVMV WYSISPEDRY IELFIFPIPE KEEPCLQGEA ESKASKLFGN  61 YSRDQPIFLR LEDYFWVKTP SAYELPYGTK GSEDLLLRVL AITSSSIPKN IQSLRCRPCV 121 VVGNGHRLRN SSLGDAINKY DVVIRLNNAP VAGYEGDVGS KTTMRLFYPE SAHFDPKVEN 181 NPDTLLVLVA FKAMDFHWIE TILSDKKRVR KGFWKQPPLI WDVNPKQIRI LNPFFMEIAA 241 DKLLSLPMQQ PRKIKQKPTT GLLAITLALH LCDLVHIAGF GYPDAYNKKQ TIHYYEQITL 301 KSMAGSGHNV SQEALAIKRM LEMGAIKNLT SF (SEQ ID NO: 7) Beta-galactosamide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 Accession number NM_003032 Nucleotide sequence of ST6GAL1    1 ATGATTCACA CCAACCTGAA GALAAAGTTC AGCTGCTGCG TCCTGGTCTT TCTTCTGTTT   61 GCAGTCATCT GTGTGTGGAL GGAAAAGAAG AAAGGGAGTT ACTATGATTC CTTTAAATTG  121 CARACCAAGG AATTCCAGGT GTTAAAGAGT CTGGGGAAAT TGGCCATGGG GTCTGATTCC  181 CAGTCTGTAT CCTCAAGCAG CACCCAGGAC CCCCACAGGG GCCGCCAGAC CCTCGGCAGT  241 CTCAGAGGCC TAGCCAAGGC CAAACCAGAG GCCTCCTTCC AGGTGTGGAA CAAGGACAGC  301 TCTTCCAAAA ACCTTATCCC TAGGCTGCAA AAGATCTGGA AGAATTACCT AAGCATGAAC  361 AAGTACAAAG TGTCCTACAA GGGGCCAGGA CCAGGCATCA AGTTCAGTGC AGAGGCCCTG  421 CGCTGCCACC TCCGGGACCA TGTGAATGTA TCCATGGTAG AGGTCACAGA TTTTCCCTTC  481 AATACCTCTG AATGGGAGGG TTATCTGCCC AAGGAGAGCA TTAGGACCTA GGCTGGGCCT  541 TGGGGCAGGT GTGCTGTTGT GTCGTCAGCG GGATCTCTGA AGTCCTTTCA ACTAGGCAGA  601 GAAATCGATG ATCATGACGC AGTCCTGAGG TTTAATGGGG CACCCACAGC CAACTTCCTA  661 CAAGATGTGG GCACAAAAAC TACCATTCGC CTGATGAACT CTCAGTTGGT TACCACAGAG  721 AAGCGCTTCC TCAAAGACAG TTTGTACAAT GAAGGAATCC TAATTGTATG GGACCCATCT  781 GTATACCACT CAGATATCCC AAAGTGGTAC CAGAATCCGG ATTATAATTT CTTTAACAAC  841 TACAAGACTT ATCGTAAGCT GCACCCCAAT CAGCCCTTTT ACATCCTCAA GCCCCAGATG  901 CCTTGGGAGC TATGGGACAT TCTTCAAGAA ATCTCCCCAG AAGAGATTCA GCCAAACCCC  961 CCATCCTCTG GGATGCTTGG TATCATCATC ATGATGACGC TGTGTGACCA GGTGGATATT 1021 TATGAGTTCC TCCCATCCAA GTGCAAGACT GACGTGTGCT ACTACTACCA GAAGTTCTTC 1081 GATAGTGCCT GCACGATGGG TGCCTACCAC CCGCTGCTCT ATGAGAAGAA TTTGGTGAAG 1141 CATCTCAACC AGGGCACAGA TGAGGACATC TACCTGCTTG GAAAAGCCAC ACTGCCTGGC 1201 TTCCGGACCA TTCACTGCTA A (SEQ ID NO: 4) Protein Sequence of ST6GAL1   1 MIHTNLKKKF SCCVLVFLLF AVICVWKEKK KGSYYDSFKL QTKEFQVLKS LGKLAMGSDS  61 QSVSSSSTQD PHRGRQTLGS LRGLAKAKPE ASFQVWNKDS SSKNLIPRLQ KIWKNYLSMN 121 KYKVSYKGPG PGIKFSAEAL RCHLRDHVNV SMVEVTDFPF NTSEWEGYLP KESIRTKAGP 181 WGRCAVVSSA GSLKSSQLGR EIDDEDAVLR FNGAPTANFQ QDVGTKTTIR LMNSQLVTTE 241 KRFLKDSLYN EGILIVWDPS VYHSDIPKWY QNPDYNFFNN YKTYRKLHPN QPFYILKPQM 301 PWELWDILQE ISPEEIQPNP PSSGMLGIII MMTLCDQVDI YEFLPSKRKT DVCYYYQKFF 361 DSACTMGAYH PLLYEKNLVK HLNQGTDEDI YLLGYATLPG FRTIH (SEQ ID NO: 8) 

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) that comprises both α2,3-sialylation and α2,6-sialylation, wherein the recombinant hCG is produced or expressed in a human cell line.
 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the cell line is modified using an α2,3-sialyltransferase.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the recombinant hCG comprises α2,6-linked sialic acids (α2,6-sialylation) provided by endogenous sialyl transferase activity.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition of to claim 1 wherein the recombinant hCG comprises mono (1S), di(2S), tri(3S) and tetra(4S) sialylated glycan structures.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4 wherein the relative amounts of mono-(1S), di-(2S), tri-(3S), and tetra-(4S) sialylated glycan structures are in the following ratios of amounts: 0.2-1:35-40:2.5-7:0.5-1, wherein the ratio of amounts is expressed as the ratio of 1S:2S:3S:4S.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the recombinant hCG has a sialic acid content [expressed in terms of a ratio of moles of sialic acid to moles of protein] of 15 mol/mol or greater.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the recombinant hCG has a sialic acid content of from 15 to 25 moles of sialic acid per mole of the recombinant hCG protein.
 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the recombinant hCG further comprises α2,8-sialylation.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the recombinant hCG has sialic acid content 6% or greater by mass.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, further comprising follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or lutenising hormone (LH) or both FSH and LH.
 11. A method of producing a pharmaceutical composition comprising human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) that comprises both α2,3-sialylation and α2,6-sialylation, wherein the method comprises a step of producing or expressing recombinant hCG in a human cell line.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the cell line has been modified using a gene encoding an α2,3-sialyl transferase.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the cell line is a PERC6® cell line.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the cell line is a PERC6® cell line.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the recombinant hCG comprises α2,6-sialylation provided by endogenous sialyl transferase activity. 